When Humans Create Humans: Theological Ruptures and Reconciliations

 

This is the second part of a three-part series on the discussion, The New Genesis: From Reading to Writing the Human Code, published yesterday. A third part will be posted tomorrow. It is suggested that investors need to significantly adjust their strategies compared to their current practices, demonstrating how they might adapt their strategy differently.

Context

The idea of creating human life from nothing challenges fundamental religious beliefs about creation, human nature, and the divine. Discussions often turn to the simple yet powerful claim of “playing God.” However, a closer examination of the world's major religious traditions reveals a more subtle, complex, and diverse range of theological views. The key questions aren't the same for everyone, but focus on core doctrines about God's nature, humanity's purpose, the source of suffering, and the meaning of stewardship. For many faiths, the crucial difference isn’t about the act of intervention itself but about the intent behind it and the ultimate goal it aims for.   

Deconstructing “Playing God”: Usurpation vs. Stewardship

The charge of “playing God” is not a single, unified theological argument but a collection of various concerns. At one end lies the fear of  Usurpation—by creating life, humanity is driven by hubris to take a role meant for the divine, echoing the sin of the Tower of Babel by trying to become like God. This view sees the human genome as a sacred text written by God, which humans have no right to alter.   

At the other end of the spectrum is the concept of stewardship or co-creation. This interpretation, also rooted in scripture, sees humanity's God-given intelligence and creativity as tools to fulfill the divine mandate to care for creation, reduce suffering, and “perfect the world  Imago Dei (Image of God), using our abilities to participate in God's ongoing work of healing and restoration.   

This tension—between usurpation and stewardship—is the main focus of most religious debates on genetic technologies. As a result, many traditions make a key distinction: intervention for therapeutic purposes to alleviate suffering is often considered morally acceptable or even required, while intervention for non-therapeutic enhancement motivated by vanity, ambition, or the desire for power is generally condemned as a dangerous form of human pride.   

Comparative Theological Framework

While broad themes of intention and therapy versus enhancement recur, the specific reasoning and red lines of each religious tradition are shaped by its unique theological commitments.

A central tension characterizes Christianity. The biblical command to heal the sick and exercise dominion over creation provides a solid foundation for supporting the therapeutic use of technology. However, this is balanced by serious concerns about human sinfulness, the danger of hubris, and the act of meddling with God's created order. The Catholic Church maintains a particularly firm stance, based on doctrines that emphasize the sanctity of human life from conception and the inseparability of the unitive and procreative aspects of sexuality. Consequently, this leads to a condemnation of any procedure that involves destroying embryos or separates conception from the marital act, effectively prohibiting most forms of assisted reproductive technology and any research involving embryonic stem cells.   

Protestant views are more varied but often focus on whether the technology serves God's restorative purposes or seeks to establish a human-defined salvation that bypasses divine grace.   

Islam establishes clear guidelines based on Shari'ah principles. The pursuit of beneficial knowledge ('ilm nafi') to prevent or treat illness is highly encouraged, making therapeutic genetic interventions a viable option. This is seen as an act of a trustee (khalifa) managing the body entrusted to them by Allah. However, any attempt to modify the human form for non-therapeutic purposes ('taghyir khalq Allah,' or altering God's creation) is generally forbidden, as is any intervention in the germline that may disrupt sacred lineages.  

Judaism, with its core principle of pikuach nefesh (the obligation to save a life), generally takes a permissive stance toward medical technologies that preserve and extend life. The concept of humanity as a “partner with God” in the ongoing work of creation (tikkun olam, repairing the world) provides a theological foundation for viewing therapeutic interventions as a religious obligation. Although enhancement for vanity is problematic, there is more openness to germline interventions if they can prevent serious, life-threatening diseases.   

Hinduism, lacking a central authority, presents a diverse range of views. Ethical principles are guided by the ideas of karma (the law of moral cause and effect) and dharma (righteous duty). An action's morality is judged by its karmic outcomes and its adherence to dharma, which includes the principle of ahimsa (non-harm). Therefore, a technology that effectively reduces suffering without causing harm is likely acceptable. It is noteworthy that the historical Hindu caste system was a form of eugenics. However, its goal was to maintain social and cosmic order, not the “improvement” of the human species in a modern sense.   

Buddhism assesses all actions, including the use of technology, based on the intention (cetana) behind them. If an intervention is motivated by genuine compassion and wisdom aimed at reducing suffering (dukkha), it is regarded as skillful (kusala). Therefore, therapeutic applications would likely receive support. Conversely, enhancement driven by ego, attachment, greed, or the desire for a “better” self would be seen as unskillful (akusala), as it reinforces the cravings that are the root causes of suffering. The core Buddhist teachings on impermanence (anicca) and not-self (anatta) further challenge the idea of creating a “perfect” or permanent genetic identity, viewing it as a misguided attachment to a transient form.  

The following table provides a concise overview of these various perspectives.

Comparative Theological Perspectives on Synthetic Genomics and AI

Religious Tradition	Core Guiding Concepts	Stance on Somatic/Therapeutic Use	Stance on Germline/Enhancement Use	Key Concerns & Prohibitions
Christianity	Imago Dei (Image of God), Stewardship, Sin, Redemption, Sanctity of Life	Generally permissible, seen as fulfilling the mandate to heal and steward creation.	Highly controversial to prohibit. Concerns about hubris, altering God's design, and unforeseen consequences. The Catholic Church has strong prohibitions.	Usurping God's role, commodification of life, destruction of embryos, and separating procreation from the unitive act.
Islam	Tawhid (Oneness of God), Trustee (Khalifa), Shari'ah, Human Dignity	Permissible and encouraged to prevent/treat disease and reduce suffering.	Prohibited. Seen as altering Allah's creation (taghyir khalq Allah) for vanity/eugenics and interfering with lineage.	Crossing species barriers, tampering with individual responsibility, and germline modification.
Judaism	Pikuach Nefesh (Saving a Life), Partnership with God, Tikkun Olam (Repairing the World)	Permissible and often obligatory. Seen as a duty to heal, preserve, and extend life.	Debated, but more open than other traditions, for preventing severe disease. Enhancement for non-therapeutic reasons is problematic.	Must not violate other laws (e.g., concerning lineage). Must be done with reverence for life.
Hinduism	Karma, Dharma, Samsara, Ahimsa (Non-harm)	Permissible if it skillfully alleviates suffering and does no harm, consistent with dharma.	No unified position. It would be evaluated based on karmic consequences and adherence to dharma. Historical eugenics was for social preservation, not “improvement”.	Causing harm (bad karma), disrupting cosmic and social order.
Buddhism	Dukkha (Suffering), Anicca (Impermanence), Compassion, Intention	Permissible if the intention is purely to alleviate suffering and is done with wisdom and compassion.	Highly suspect. Likely seen as driven by attachment, aversion, and delusion (craving for a “better” self), which leads to more suffering.	Actions driven by unwholesome states (greed, ego, attachment) cause harm to any sentient being.

Navigating the Uncharted: Proposals for a Co-Created Future

The merging of synthetic genomics and artificial intelligence is no longer a distant future but an accelerating reality. The rapid pace and increasing capacity of the AI-Synbio feedback loop are surpassing traditional oversight methods and ethical discussions. To responsibly navigate this new frontier, society cannot be reactive; it must adopt a proactive approach by establishing clear ethical boundaries, implementing robust security measures, and fostering inclusive conversations alongside scientific advancements. This calls for coordinated efforts from policymakers, funding organizations, the scientific community, and the global public to guide this transformative technology toward a future that promotes fair and secure human development.

The Imperative of Proactive Governance

The analysis in this paper leads to one unavoidable conclusion: the speed of change driven by the AI-Synbio synergy makes traditional, reactive governance models outdated. Regulatory frameworks designed for past technologies are poorly suited for a field where the primary focus shifts from physical materials to digital information, and where the time from discovery to implementation is significantly shortened. The main challenge is not just regulation but actively “guiding” the direction of this technology. This requires a shift to proactive governance models that anticipate issues and include ethical considerations early in the innovation process.

Expand on the 'Care-full Synthesis' Model

The most promising model for proactive governance is exemplified by the SynHG project's 'Care-full Synthesis' program. Its approach of integrating a funded, peer-reviewed, and empowered social science and ethics component into a major scientific effort from the beginning offers a blueprint for responsible innovation.   

Therefore, the primary recommendation is for national and international funding bodies (such as the Wellcome Trust, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation), university research offices, and corporate R&D divisions to adopt and institutionalize this model. Major research initiatives in synthetic biology and related fields should be required to include a 'Care-full Synthesis' or similar “embedded ethics” component as a condition of funding. This would ensure that transdisciplinary social scientific research, ethical analysis, and robust public engagement are not afterthoughts but are integral, resourced, and influential parts of the scientific process itself.

Recommendation: Evolving Biosecurity in the Information Age

The dual-use threat from AI-driven synthetic biology is primarily a concern for information security. Consequently, biosecurity frameworks must shift from managing physical materials to protecting digital assets.

Policymakers and security agencies must collaborate with the scientific community and the tech industry to develop new security protocols tailored to the digital nature of the threat. This should include:

• Securing Digital Infrastructure: Developing strong cybersecurity measures for genomic databases, AI design models, and automated laboratory equipment (biofoundries) that convert digital code into physical DNA.  

• Screening synthetic DNA orders: Strengthening and expanding protocols for screening synthetic DNA is essential. This should also include screening AI-generated sequences for potential hazards before synthesis.

• Governing AI models: Examining governance mechanisms for the powerful generative AI systems themselves, potentially including access controls, tiered access based on user verification, and built-in safeguards to prevent the development of harmful biological agents.   

A Suggestion: Promoting Global and Public Dialogue

Ultimately, decisions about how to use a technology that can reshape the human species should not be made by a small group of scientists, ethicists, and policymakers. The future of the human genome is a significant public concern, and its management must be equally democratic and inclusive.

International bodies, national governments, and civil society organizations should collaborate to foster and sustain robust, inclusive, and ongoing global discussions about the future of human genome synthesis [Whalen]. These discussions must be intentionally designed to extend beyond elite academic and policy circles and genuinely involve diverse public groups, including religious communities whose core beliefs are deeply impacted by this technology. By fostering a global dialogue grounded in mutual understanding and shared values, we can strive for a future where the ability to shape our biological story is utilized not with arrogance but with wisdom, care, and a collective commitment to the common good.   

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Final Remarks

A group of friends from “Organizational DNA Labs,” a private group, compiled references and notes from various group members' theses and other authors, including ours, as well as media and academic sources, for this article and analysis. We also utilized AI platforms, including Gemini, Storm from Stanford University, Grok, Open-Source ChatGPT, and Grammarly, as research assistants to ensure the coherence and logical flow of our expressions. By utilizing these platforms, we aim to verify information from multiple sources and confirm its accuracy through academic databases and equity firm analysts with whom we have collaborated. The references and notes in this work provide a comprehensive list of our sources. As a researcher and editor, I have taken great care to ensure that all sources are properly cited and that the authors receive recognition for their contributions. The content primarily reflects our compilation, analysis, and synthesis of these sources. The summaries and inferences demonstrate our dedication and motivation to expand and share knowledge. While we have relied on high-quality sources to inform our perspective, the conclusion represents our current views and understanding of the topics covered, which continue to evolve through ongoing learning and literature reviews in this business field.